Dulce Et Decorum

Dulce et Decorum Est Wilfred Owen’s poem is settled in the battlefield of World War I. It features a group of soldiers who seem to be returning to camp after a long day at war. Some of these men had lost their boots and other articles of clothing. When all of a sudden gas shells drop near them and they all went to put on their gas masks in fear of dying from the gas. The narrator thought everyone had got their masks on, but then he still heard one of his friends yelling and screaming in agony. He watched a member of his crew die from these gas shells and he could do nothing about it.Then the narrator goes forward in time, sometime after he has returned from war, and he cannot get the image of his friend dying out of his head. He always thinks about that night and he even dreams about his comrade’s deaths. He also speaks of the people coming home that are desperate for glory as the return home from this war. Throughout this poem there are many things about it that allows the poem to be so successful. The word choice that Wilfred Owen chose to use in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est,† really set a mood and gave great imagery, which led for the success of the poem.The structure that Wilfred Owen used for â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† is another factor that helped the poem become very successful. These aspects of Dulce et Decorum Est really allow Wilfred Owen’s poem to be seen as a very successful poem. Wilfred Owen’s word choice throughout â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† set this poem up for success. Wilfred Owen’s superb description in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† allows the reader to get an image in their head that helps them understand the poem even more.Throughout â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est,† Wilfred Owen shocks the reader with his description of the events that are happening. For example, â€Å" Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge. † This puts the image of tired soldiers marching through some sort of nasty, muddy area after being out fighting in war. Also, his word choice is different from other poems because of the gruesome details he uses in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est. † This is different because a lot of poems do not use the detail he does to express this terrible war.For example, â€Å"And flound’ring like a man in fire or lime. Dim through the misty panes and thick green light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. This is saying that the gas is a terrible death, like being set on fire, he does not get any air to your lungs, only gas, as if the soldier was drowning in water. Wilfred Owen’s word choice and description in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† are huge factors on why the poem is such a success. The structure that Wilfred Owen used for â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† push the poem in the right direction to become a success.The style Wilfred Owen wrote in for â€Å"D ulce et Decorum Est† is similar to the French ballade poetic form. By using a similar style like the French ballade poetic form and then breaking the conventions of pattern and rhyming, Owens makes the reader notice the deranged and disruptive events being told in the poem. Owen breaks the poem into two different parts, each consisting of fourteen lines. In the first part of the â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, Owens writes it in the present as all of the action of this event happens and him and his crew are reacting to the gas shells going off around them.In second par of the poem, Owens writes it in the future of the event that. The second part looks back to draw a lesson from what happened at the start. The two fourteen line parts of â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† again shows a formal poetic style, but it is a broken and unsettling version of this form. The structure Wilfred Owen chose gave this poem a different look at a formal poetic style and is what made this poe m successful. There are many things that can make a poem a great and successful poem.The many things that Wilfred Owen did with â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est† to make the poem what it is today is really amazing. The word choice Owen’s used to show detail allowed readers to get an image of the horrible event that happen to the soldier and his crew. The broken structure of the French ballade form that Owen’s used with this poem set put it to the level of success the poem has reached. These things that Wilfred Owens did with this piece of work shows how to make a successful poem.

Chinese investments and business Essay

For more than ï ¬ ve years now, China has been the most important trade partner of Africa (OECD, 2011). Its growing investments in the African continent show the deï ¬ nite long-term interest that the Asian country has in Africa. When comparing the manner and the effectiveness of doing business in Africa of Chinese companies and of western companies, a lot of differences can be found. These divergences can help us better understand why Chinese ï ¬ rms are being more successful in Africa than European and American ï ¬ rms but also why they continue to be so eager to multiply and deepen their business partnerships in Africa. The particularities of the  « Chinese way  » to do business in Africa that enhance this growing investing trend can be assembled in three general characteristics of the Africa-China relations: the long-term relationship that was built between China and African countries over the years, the efï ¬ cient model used by Chinese companies to cultivate a good image in the eyes of the African people and the important role played by the Chinese government through diplomatic efforts. 1. Africa and China, in good terms since 1955. At the Bandung conference in 1955, China has allied with the newly independent African countries in order to resist agains any form or colonialism or neocolonialism. This ï ¬ rst contemporary step reï ¬â€šects the position that China has since been adopting: allying with African countries by showing them that China is  « on their side  » and helping them ï ¬ ght the western hegemony. By positioning on their side and emphasizing their common interest and similarities in resisting the western world, China has gained a great trust in Africa. This process was greatly catalyzed by the actions of  the Chinese government from the 1960s till today. On the other side, complicated diplomatic relations between the African and the western countries have made it more difï ¬ cult for the European and American companies to do business in Africa. Indeed, political leaders from the West have had negative behaviors with African leaders and people, only emphasizing the poverty, the instability and the lack of democracy of this continent and underrating Africa’s potential for business (Rieff, 1998). In fact, companies from the Western world were only pushed by their leaders to invest in Africa in the 1990s, when these latter started to realize the performances of Chinese ï ¬ rms in Africa (Sautman & Hairong, 2007). On this side, we see clearly that the Western countries are late compared to China and still suffering from their image of neocolonialists. Furthermore, it is interesting to see that China has been paying more attention to the longterm consequences an interests, when investing in African countries. On the other side, the western countries as seen by the Africans as investing selï ¬ shly and only looking for rapid expansion without caring about the long-term consequences for Africa and its people. Also, when looking at Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, we observe that China and many African countries are similar on certain dimensions such as individualism (low) and power distance (high), which could make it easier for Chinese companies to invest in Africa. Nonetheless, the success and the attraction of China in Africa seems to have deeper explanations, and some authors suggest that a true  « Chinese model  » exists when it comes to its commercial activities on the African continent (Li, 2005). This speciï ¬ c method of investing in Africa is made possible for Chinese ï ¬ rms through China’s philosophy to encourage foreign direct investments (FDI) and with the help of all the Chinese savings. 2. A more efï ¬ cient model, a better image, a better business environment. Since the beginning, China was able to  « play on the same side  » as African countries as they can relate to some similarities in their history. Indeed, both African and Asian countries, except for Japan and Korea, were developing countries not to long ago, after suffering of decades of colonialism from the Western countries. In this sense, China, which is the best developed of the  « South  » countries can then show the way to African countries and understands the situation there far better than the Occidental countries do. To go even further, some authors argue that increased trade and investment from China is reducing the African dependence on the US and other Western countries: it is then seen as  « mutually beneï ¬ cial  » (Itano, 2005) It is because of that mutual understanding and beneï ¬ t that Chinese companies see Africa as a less risky proposition. These companies have understood how to do business in Africa and how to overcome the risks of that continent. At ï ¬ rst, it could look like Chinese, American and European companies are doing business in the exact same way: they all extract resources such as oil and buy tax materials from Africa, while exporting other consumer goods. However, China seems to be more selï ¬â€šess when doing it. Chinese companies, thanks to their still cheap manufacturing force, is able to export goods to Africa that are way cheaper than the ones from Western countries, and sometimes even cheaper than the local African goods (Donnelly, 2005). Moreover, Chinese companies seem to have understood that to improve their business relationship with African stakeholders, they have to really contribute to the development of the country in which they operate. While the Western companies have an image of only improving the GDP of the nations in which they !do business, only looking at their interests, pretend to be helping African countries because they help them grow. However, the main difference between Chinese and Western way of investing is that the ï ¬ rst one has been helping Africa to develop while the second one has only brought growth but no real  development. The Chinese companies seem to have done more to help industrialism grow in the different African countries where they operate. According to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, in 2009, 29% of China’s FDI to Africa went to the extractive industries but it represented 60% of U.S. FDI . During the same year, the CEIP reported that China had invested more in manufacturing, and in African jobs, than the U.S did (Proctor, 2013). Chinese companies have found that helping the African countries to develop and to industrialize, while providing low-cost technologies to their African partners (Muekalia, 2004) allowed them to build better relations with these partners and get more connections locally, which seems to be essential she doing business in Africa. The last characteristic of this Chinese model is very interesting and it has to do agin with the similarities between the two cultures. While western expatriates in Africa show a very negative image of their countries, this is not the case at all for the Chinese workers. These latter appear to have a closer lifestyle to the African people than the workers and businessmen from Europe and North-America. The have similar living conditions, are not privileged over the African employees and do not demand indecent salaries. On the other side, the Western executives and workers, even among Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) seem to have an exploitative behavior and take advantage of their position (Wainaina, 2006). This type of behavior can, without any doubt, be called neocolonialism, and this is what makes Western companies loose the trust an collaboration of their African partners. This altered relation between Western and African companies create an even riskier environment for the ï ¬ rst to business on the second’s territory. Nevertheless, Chinese’s good behavior and long-term earned respect allows its companies to enjoy good relations and an easier business environment. This important difference, however, is not only imputable to the Western companies actions, but particularly to the wrong strategies of their  governments, completely opposed to China’s diplomatic strategy. 3. Efï ¬ cient diplomatic efforts from the Chinese government. Indeed, as it was said before, the diplomatic efforts of the Chinese government in Africa are more than 50 years old. The best example for this is the Tanzania-Zambia railway project, implemented by China during the 1960s and the 1970s, and which was made possible through the help of around ï ¬ fty thousand workers from China ( Hall & Peyman, 1976). This is the perfect example of the way China has been doing diplomacy in Africa for the past half century: it brings help without trying to force things and knowing that they will get something in return. In the opposite, E.U. and the U.S. have always attached conditions to their help in  Africa, demanding changes from their governments and forcing different legal and economic reforms. Indeed, these governments have continuously tried to force their western conception of democracy into the African countries, while pushing for more deregulation and privatization. This obsession for democracy, coupled with an almost unhidden neocolonialist desire to  « educate  » the African people has pushed the Western leaders into complicated relationships with the African people and has deteriorated their image in the continent. Today, some of the Western governments start to see their mistakes and realize that their strategy has not been the right one and has made investing in Africa even more complicated for their ï ¬ rms. When she was still Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, ex- declared that the U.S. ï ¬ rms should look for  « sustainable partnerships in Africa that add value rather than extract it.  » (Salvaterra, 2012) However, these countries still have a long way to go, as they have been using international treaties that have weakened African nations (Nunn & Price, 2004) and that are seen as  « promoting an aggravated form of worldwide unequal exchange  » (Sautman, B & Hairong, Y, 2007). China, on the other side, has been promoting infrastructure, human capital and other long-term investment, while Western countries have been promoting only primary products and ï ¬ rst-aid. China’s government has never given any ofï ¬ cial political support, while keeping smooth relationships with the African leaders, which is a deep difference with the U.S. and the E.U. This difference seems to be the most obvious when it comes to aid in Africa. Western countries’ aid is called  « tied aid  », meaning that the aid will only provided in certain conditions, which will beneï ¬ t the stakeholder performing the aid. For example,when a U.S. passes a contract with an African developing country, it ties the ï ¬ nancial aid it will provide to this African country to the obligation to use this money to buy goods from American ï ¬ rms or non-proï ¬ t organizations. Chinese aid, on the contrary is mostly  « untied  ». The best description of this divergence of strategies between China and the Western countries seem to be described by Julius Nyere (1974), when he declared that  « the Chinese people have not asked us to become communists in order to qualify for this loan†¦ They have never at any point suggested that we should change any of our policies  ». Conclusion The main reason why it is easier for Chinese ï ¬ rms to do business in Africa than for other ï ¬ rms seem to be contained in this quote. China has been building a positive relationship with African countries, where both parties are winning and where Africa’s free agency is taken into account and even valued. The Chinese diplomats and companies have managed to lower the risk of corruption and of change from the African people by building a good image in their eyes and becoming  « friends  » with them. On the other side, Western ï ¬ rms still suffer from these risks of corruption as they rarely beneï ¬ t from a trust-based relationship in the African countries, which is crucial when trying to work around this problem. By having neocolonialist behaviors and building win-lose situations instead of win-win situations, they made it even worse for them to do business in Africa.

Business Communications Report

The purpose of this report is to evaluate the importance of oral communications within the workplace, as well as to identify the aspects and skills that are valued within the workplace. This report will also give recommendations to the problems it highlights. 1. 2. 3 Questions * Is oral communication really a problem among graduates in the workplace? * Which aspects of oral communication are valued more within the workplace? * Which oral communication skills are lacking in graduates within the workplace? * What solutions could we recommend to the NUS management? 1. 3 Scope The ability to express ideas convincingly should therefore be an aspect to be focused on. 3. 4 Need for Clarity of Content The findings have made obvious that clear content is of high priority within the workplace. This oral communication skill is needed because the content is the crux of the message being sent to others and it needs to be clear and concise to avoid confusion. As such this oral communication skill should be focused on. 3. 5 Need for Confidence in Oral Communications The importance of this skill has been noted in the findings. This communication skill complements the other conclusions, as confidence is something that is required for all aspects of oral communications. Clearly, confidence is a skill that should be focused on. 4. Recommendations Based on the conclusions made above, this report recommends changing the NUS curriculum to involve more opportunities to practice oral communications skills, as well as to introduce a public forum, providing chances for all students to speak publicly more. 4. 1 Change in NUS Curriculum This proposal involves a tweaking of all modules in NUS to accommodate even more usage of oral communications skills than at current levels. For example, module marks could be adjusted to allow for more emphasis on presentations or interaction with the lecturer and the class. This would not only allow students to practice their oral communications as a whole, but also improve on specific aspects and skills, like their confidence and clarity. It is noted that this proposal would be difficult to implement and would also take time to adjust to for the entire university. However, this strategy would help all NUS students to improve their oral communications skills greatly over their time in NUS as they are encouraged to work on their oral communications. Thus this would be a long term solution for the problems stated above. 4. 2 Creating Student Forums The Management should also consider utilizing a key aspect of education in NUS: student life. Through providing a forum for students to speak up, especially about issues that the students have passion for, they will get more practice at oral communications. They would also debate and discuss among themselves about such issues, further boosting their proficiency in key skills like being convincing in oral communications. This suggestion does have certain drawbacks, like difficulty in implementing instantly as students are not used to it. However, over time, and with proper promotion and support from student leaders, it could be a good avenue for students to air their views and practice their oral communications skills at the same time.

Alcohol in India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcohol in India - Research Paper Example Men are ten times more likely to use alcohol regularly as compared to women. Raffensperger further states, â€Å"While alcohol consumption is low overall, it's even lower in women than in men in India†. Social Organizations and Use of Alcohol In India, people are divided into various categories according to their castes. There also exist many subcultures in India. Three most common subcultures in India are Punjabi culture, Bengali culture, and Marwari culture. Alcohol consumption is relatively low in Punjabi culture as compared to other two subcultures. The social class structure, family system, and different subcultures put a significant impact on overall alcohol consumption in India. The social structure of India is a mixture of diverse cultures, religions, and racial groups. Hindu religion, Muslim religion, and Sikhism are the most prominent religions of India. Social structure of India influences the institutions of family, marriage, and caste (Gihar 58). If we talk about social organizations in India, the most common social organizations include Forward class, Backward class, and Harijans. The social class structure of India includes different classes to which people of India belong. Forward class consists of rich people or those belonging to higher castes. People belonging to this class consume the highest percentage of total alcohol consumed by Indian people. Such people generally have fewer tensions in their lives as compared to lower classes. The main reasons for Forward class to consume a high percentage of alcohol include sociability and taste. Consumption of alcohol is not considered bad among higher classes of India. The most common brands used by the Forward class people include Blossom Hill, Smirnoff Red Vodka, and Carling. People belonging to Backward or middle class also use alcoholic drinks but the percentage is considerably low as compared to Forward class or Harijans. In the societies of Backward class people, use of alcohol is not co nsidered a good deed. The family structure of India plays an important role in controlling the percentage of alcohol consumption in this class. â€Å"Most of the families in India are extended families, wherein every member has his/her own role, often influenced by age and gender† (Rampur). Every member of a family resects the norms and values of the family structure. The reason behind low percentage of alcohol consumption in this class is the joint family structure of India. It is very difficult for the adults to use alcoholic drinks in front of their parents or relatives. Children respect their parents and do not do any such thing, which their parents do not want them to do. Harijans or lowest class people are the most alcohol addicted people in India. These people are not financially stable and have many tensions in their lives. They take alcohol in order to forget their problems for a while and to feel relaxed. However, they take low quality alcohol because they are not a ble to buy expensive or high quality alcoholic beverages. Living Conditions, Leisure, and Recreation Living conditions of Indian people and leisure also put a significant impact on overall alcohol consumption in India. Some people belonging to elite class use alcohol as a recreational activity. The people belonging

What are the motivation behind sexual serial homocide Essay

What are the motivation behind sexual serial homocide - Essay Example er in which sexual contact is explicit" (Kellaher, 2004), other experts attribute this term to the homicidal act only if "the perpetrator describes an internal feeling of arousal" (Kellaher, 2004). There are some observations which indicate that the murder is sexual homicide. They are exposure of sexual parts of the body of the victim, victim attire, lack of victim attire, presence of the body of the victim in sexual position, presence of foreign bodies in the various cavities of the body of the victim, evidence of intercourse either, vaginally, orally or sexually and presence of evidence of substitute sexual interest, sexual activity or sadistic fantasy (Mirich, 2004). According to Schlesinger (2004), there is a dire need to understand the acts of sexual homicide by examining the criminal psychodynamics and also the crime context. Schlesinger (2004) emphasizes the need for forensic examiners to review and evaluate the statements made by witnesses and also collateral histories as available from the family members of the criminals and the employers. The numbers of sexual homicide cases which occur are not much known, but they constitute to about less than 1% of all murders. Over the past 35 years, it has been estimated that the rate of sexual murder has almost tripled. According to experts, in about 43% of cases, the victim was a stranger to the assailant and there was no known connection. According to the FBI study (qtd. in Mirich, 2003), all the serial sexual murderers were male, with most of them being white. The study also revealed that most of the victims of serial sexual killing were women. Another interesting finding in the FBI study (qtd. in Mirich, 2003) was that most of the killers were eldest sons with 80% having average or above average intelligence. Also, atleast 74% killers had a stable income and about 69% of the killers were alcoholics and 33% drug addicts. There were family histories of psychiatric disorders in 53% of killers. Many of them also

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Assignment - Essay Example The Domain supports any video input, be it USB 1.0 and 2.0 or Window DirectX (WiredRed 2008). (iii) Strategic current and feasible domain definition: The domain supports enhanced definitions of 720P or higher resolution but lower than HD frame rates. For instance, Logitech Fusion and Ultra Vision are two popular examples that produce surprising high-resolution images wonderfully at fine business-class rates (WiredRed 2008). (i) User perceived values: The User perceived values for the domain include easy installation, best multiparty video and audio quality, real-time PowerPoint sharing, the fastest desktop sharing and proxy friendly remote controls, real-time presenter’s controls, record and playback, secure web conferencing and true web administration and management (WiredRed 2008). (ii) The domain is currently based in countries in Nigeria and Malaysia (Sarawak) with its product range across other locations in the countries. In education, the software has been used in Kent College, where students could cheaply discuss with their off-site teachers (WiredRed 2006). (iii) The products are Windows compatible: this means that the User can use any USB 2.0 web cam. Also, it works well with any S-video as an out cable mated to a Windows compatible video capture card (WiredRed 2008) (iv) The users could move from one product to the other in the domain. This explains interconnectivity among the product range. And this would facilitate multiple functionalities that would be cost-efficient (Gough & Rosenfield 2006). (i) Some of the products in the domain help to facilitate quick and clear video conferencing, but some constraints arise as a result of product’s components, compatibilities and programming context. For example, a product that is Windows compatible has problems working perfectly with non-Windows operating systems. And different programming procedures used in producing the software/solutions constitute a

Final Global business Plan Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final Global business Plan Paper - Essay Example Keeping in mind the governmental limitations on foreign investments, the external governance and its impact on the Starbucks India will be a major factor for its success or downfall. Since sole proprietorships and partnerships are essentially impossible under the Indian law, locally incorporated company is the answer to many limitations put by the government. Certainly, good corporate governance is the solution-key for above stated questions. In the case of Starbucks India, proper corporate governance has to be the identification and correction of inefficiencies in its running. In pursuing this objective, Starbucks' top level management can not rely on their own internal mechanisms, but they need to look for external instruments such as the market for corporate control. In this regard, external governance becomes very important to be looked at since the role of controls by the external stakeholders over the organization can compound for its overall success in India. For Starbucks India, external governance can play its healthy role in the forms of debt covenants, external au

Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Geography - Essay Example ch has focused on so-called transitions or changes in the population’s death rates and birth rates, as they pertain to populations in the industrialized world, stretching back two centuries. The model has four stages: stage 1, known as the pre-modern stage; stage 2, or the urbanizing/industrializing stage; stage 3, or the mature industrial stage; and stage 4, or the post-industrial stage. The early stages are characterized by high CBR and high CDR figures, at around 35-40 for every thousand. At stage four, or the post-industrial stage, the population is at its highest, even as CBR and CDR figures are at their lowest, at around 10 for every thousand people. In the model, the CBR and CDR figures trend downwards slowly from stage 1 to stage 2, but the downwards trend accelerates at stage 3, until the figures plateu at stage 4, at the levels described above, around 10 for every 1,000 population. The stages of the model, and the CDR, CBR, and population figures for every stage, are identified and plotted in this graph by way of illustration (Montgomery; Lee 167-190; Galor 1-10): In the plot above, the large population at stage 4 and the low CBR and CDR figures there are graphically illustrated. In the first stage, the birth and death rates are similar, with CBR being only fractionally larger than CDR, so that the population was almost static, and population doubling was measured in thousands of years. Stage One is characterized by high levels of infant mortality, from poor hygiene that resulted in many diseases such as diarrhea and cholera. With the advent of industrialization and urbanization. Medicine was also archaic at that time, with knowledge on disease management and prevention being basic or unavailable altogether, and the threat of hunger from famines eventually coming to pass. The high death rates countered the effect of high birth rates, or CBR, at this stage (Montgomery; Lee 167-190; Galor 1-10). In the industrialization and urbanization stage, or stage

Media, marketing and advertisment Research Paper

Media, marketing and advertisment - Research Paper Example This is more compounded in the fact that marketers have increasingly stated that with advancement in advertising, the level of copying by target audience or consumers need to be scrutinized. This is given that some pundits have constantly argued that consumers tend to be inexperienced with technology (AMS 2011). It is increasingly clear that a consumer in the modern world is exposed to a number of choices emanating from adverts and marketing. This comes with a number of dimensions as we live in a postmodern world and attempt at building a culture of consumers being the driver of decisions and processes that manufacturers and distributors engage in. Postmodernism as an age and a phenomenon had increasingly bore the greatest responsibility as far as consumerism is concerned. In the United Kingdom for instance, a number of departmental stores have cropped up in response to consumerism (Hincliffe 2009). Hincliffe (2009) again notes that one of the escalating habits nowadays is that with the arrival of convenience stores, people spend a great deal of their money shopping in supermarkets and the decisions they make have to do with adverts they see in the media, whether mainstream or otherwise. On average in the USA, most people consume 275 pounds of meat which is quite a high margin and this is attributed to advertisement regarding this commodity. Further, according to him, there is an average of one passenger car for every two people in the US, One passenger car for about three people in Europe and one passenger car for 49 people in the developing countries. Overall, the argument that consumer society is driven by choices or that it drives choices as far as consumption of goods and services are concerned must be examined in a number of ways. These should include understanding what consumer society is all about, the features of the Consumer Society, the drivers of Consumer Society as it is today with advertisement and phenomenon e.g. technologies like the internet, and other gadgets used nowadays by people all of which ensure that consumers purchase more and more. This paper focuses on the advertising and promotion within the context of media, taking into account consumerism as a recent phenomenon which has necessitated consumption landscape and other market changes. It focuses on overall view of advertisement and zeroes on the forms of media other than the traditional media technology. Advertising as a Promotion and Marketing tool: Overall View Advertising is considered to be a central part of marketing and distribution mechanism of a variety of goods and by large, creation of choices in a consumer society tod ay. This is more because, it is mostly propagated by the media. Even though advertising is relatively new as a profession, its effects beat those of religion and education in shaping public view and perception. In the United States for instance, the money spent annually on advertisement outsmarts the total public expenditure on natural resources, higher education and police protection combined. Usually if one goes to a departmental store the goods they see displayed are often correlated with adverts they have seen either on billboards, in the media (print and otherwise) and this aids in decision making (Hincliffe 2009). Today, advertising is seen as quite crucial in promoting the Consumer Soci

Identity fraud its impact and the case for prevention Essay

Identity fraud its impact and the case for prevention - Essay Example The paper describes and shows identify fraud from all sides. Identify fraud could be said to be crimes committed through impersonation. The most common bad act is the crime of credit card fraud, but mortgage fraud, and also gaining access to the finances of a specified targeted person or a frame of a targeted person falls within what mass media reports of identity theft have included. Identity fraud is one of the crimes which spread widely. For every one identity is important. In the present time it is a valuable commodity. Importance of identity protection needs to be reinforced with time. That means the introduction of internet banking, debit or credit cards, E-commerce etc. need to be doubly protected against infiltrators or fraudsters who design to commit large scale fraud through misuse and misrepresentation of true identities. Though the internet creates milestones in the milieu of information technology, it could often fall prey to criminal brains and their perpetrations. Thus, the propensity for thefts is on the increase and the chances of detection are also on the increase. So the user must be aware of identity fraudsters and the scam in their field. Users need to stake their true identity to prove who are authorized to use credit cards, operate bank accounts, and obtain bank loans, or to claim any other benefits. Lack of proper and due care with respect to identity protection could make one an unsuspecting victim of identity theft, and even when this is detected, it may be too late to remedy.

Marriage in Other Countries Essay Example for Free

Marriage in Other Countries Essay This paper will be about a traditional dress from my native land and other countries. The traditional dress I will be writing about is called a wedding dress. A wedding dress is used throughout the world in various countries including China, Japan, India, and Vietnam. This paper will also detail different cultures, religions, types and colors of wedding gowns that symbolize the bride or groom wealth, occupation and or belief. In the Americas, weddings performed during and immediately following the middle ages were often more than just a union between two people. They could be a union between two families, two businesses or even two countries. Many weddings were more a matter of business than love, particularly among the wealthy people. Brides were therefore expected to dress in a manner that made their family seem more presentable, for they were not representing only themselves during the ceremony. Brides from wealthy families often wore rich colors and exclusive fabrics. The amount of material a wedding dress contained also was a reflection of the brides social standing and indicated the extent of the familys wealth to wedding guests. In the 1920s, wedding dresses were typically short in the front with a longer train in the back and were worn with cloche-style wedding veils. Today, Americas traditional wedding color is white because of the marriage of Queen Victoria to Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Victoria wore a white gown for the event to incorporate some lace she prized. Before then, white was a mourning color, it represented a bride whom had recently lost a loved one. Black was actually a color that was worn by the lower class because it was more favorable and could be worn again on many occasions. In the eastern cultures, the traditional wedding color was red, the color red symbolizes good luck and favorable. In modern Chinese weddings, the bride will opt for Western style dresses and traditional costumes for the official tea ceremony. In India a choice for a bride is a wedding sari, which is a traditional garment for Indian women. Over time color options and wedding fabrics have changed throughout the eastern countries. Fabrics have expanded and today, fabrics like crepe, georgette, tissue, silk, and satin have been used. Colors such as gold, pink, maroon, brown and yellow have also expanded. It seems as if the other countries around the world are starting to adopt the western tradition. At Japanese weddings, brides will often wear three or more dresses throughout the ceremony and subsequent celebrations with a traditional kimono, white and color dress combination being popular. The Javanese people of Indonesia wear a kebaya, a traditional kind of blouse, along with batik. The Native Americans have traditions different from most other countries. A Hopi (A Native American tribe) bride traditionally would have her garments woven by the groom and any men in the village who wished to participate. The garments consisted of a large belt, two all-white wedding robes, a white wedding robe with red stripes at top and bottom, white buckskin leggings and moccasins, a string for tying the hair, and a reed mat in which to wrap the outfit. A Pueblo bride wore a cotton garment tied above the right shoulder, secured with a belt around the waist. In the traditions of the Delaware, a bride would wear a knee-length skirt of deerskin and a band of wampum beads around her forehead. Wedding dresses are very diverse and unique. There are a few things that all weddings dresses have in common among all cultures. The most important thing is that bride’s want to look and feel beautiful. The wedding dress is plays a significant part in the wedding ceremony. The wedding dress gives the bride the opportunity to stand out. A wedding dress represents one of the most precious garments that a woman will wear in her lifetime. It represents religions, cultures and family traditions. Although it’s just material, the wedding dress is very important because it symbolize marriage, the union of two people who love each other.

How to prevent pitching Injuries Essay Example for Free

How to prevent pitching Injuries Essay Throwing a baseball is one of the most strenuous motions a person can put their body through. When you throw a baseball it puts large amounts of pressure on your arm which can cause very serious injury over an amount of time. The shoulder and elbow joint were not designed to throw a ball overhand. The natural way to throw a ball would be to throw it underhand. If you are going to be a pitcher, you need to be aware of the effects that throwing a baseball can have on your shoulder and elbow. You also need to know what you can do to prevent these injuries from happening. If your arm is going to withstand the strain that throwing has on your arm, you are going to need to know the stretches and exercises that will strengthen the arm muscles so that your arm is strong enough to take the pressure. Before you pick up the baseball you have to be absolutely sure that youre arm is thoroughly stretched out. The amount of time a person needs to stretch is going to vary, so you will have to be the judge about when you are good and stretched. When you are beginning to stretch you want to focus on getting the blood to penetrate to the arm. You accomplish this by moving your arms in a circular motion. You are going to want to rotate your arms fifteen times forward and fifteen times backward. Once you have gotten the blood flowing to the arms you are ready to begin throwing the baseball. When you first start out throwing you want to throw at a short distance, and gradually work your way back as your arm begins to get loose. When warming up you never want to start throwing as hard as you can right from the beginning. The arm needs time to get loose before you can start throwing at full speed. Now that you have warmed up, and your arm is ready to throw in a game, you need to too put a long sleeve jacket or sweatshirt on so that your arm stays warm. If you do not do this the blood that has rushed to your arm will begin to leave, which will prevent your arm from staying warm. Now that you know what to do when you are warming up, now we will go over on what to do when youre done pitching so that your arm will recover faster. After a pitcher has thrown, the joints and muscles in the arm have gone through a great deal of wear. The muscle tissue in the arm has actually started to bruise, which eventually creates lactic acid. This is a chemical in your body that helps heal these bruises, but it does not heal the arm very quickly. Instead of these acids helping your body to re-cooperate the pitcher is going to ice his shoulder and elbow (which are the main points of wear). This will help the swelling in the muscles because this ice will cause the swelling to go down. After you are done icing the pitcher is going to go on a long distance run. This long distance run helps to get the blood flowing back through the arm which causes the lactic acids that are still in your arm, to get washed out of the elbow and shoulder. For your arm to recover from pitching as quickly as possible, you are also going to need to do arm exercises until the next time that you are going to be pitching again. These exercises are also going to help prevent major injuries to your elbow and shoulder. The exercises that the pitcher will do will be done with a three foot piece of surgical tubing. With this piece of tubing you are going to strengthen the small muscles that hold your rotator cuff together and the tendons in your elbow. The tubing will be tied to an object such as a fence, and the pitcher is going to pull the tubing away from the fence creating resistance against the small muscles and tendons. These arm exercises are vital if your arm is going to withstand the pressure of throwing the baseball. Pitchers put there shoulder and elbow in a situation to have major injury. If a pitcher is going to survive through the strains of throwing a baseball he is going to need to do everything he can to try to prevent these injuries from arising. Even by doing the stretches and exercises covered in this essay, you may still go through a serious arm injury, but at least you know that you did everything that you could to try to prevent serious injury.

Cambridge Analytica Data Scandal: Quality Management

Cambridge Analytica Data Scandal: Quality Management Executive Summary This report is prepared to study the issue Facebook recently faces. It is in news because of the Cambridge Analytica data scandal in which the personal information of Facebook users have been improperly shared with Cambridge Analytica – a data mining and political strategy firm. When the scandal exposed the CEO and Chairman of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg had to apologize publically for the data breach and said that it was a mistake made by Facebook for not designing a process to restrict third party developers to work on Facebook API. He also pledged to make changes in the design and reform the privacy policy. This study gives an understanding of loopholes in Facebook’s quality management system and how it could have been prevented if they have followed the theories of quality management gurus. By understanding different theories described by these gurus, a strong quality management system can be placed from the design stage itself. It also states that customer loyalty is a very important value which can be gained by continuous improvement in quality management system. A poor system result in loss of company reputation, customers and monetary value. 1.0 Introduction Facebook is an American social media company providing social networking services to people around the world. It was founded in 2004. Mark Zuckerberg is the Chairman and CEO of the company. It has more than 2.2 billion active users. People use Facebook to stay connected to their friends and family and to share and express their views. 2.0 Issue of data breach Recently Facebook’s data privacy scandal came into limelight where Facebook members’ data were improperly shared with Cambridge Analytica, a data mining and political strategy firm.   These data were accessed during Donald Trump’s presidential campaign. Cambridge Analytica accessed the data for more than 2 years. This is the biggest public relation crisis Facebook has faced. In April 2010, Facebook launched a platform called Open Graph to third party apps. This allowed the external developers to reach out to Facebook users and request permission to access their personal data  (CNBC, 2018). In the year 2013, Cambridge University’s researcher named Aleksandr Kogan created an App called â€Å"thisisyourdigitallife†.   The app prompted users to answer questions for a psychological profile. About 270,000 people downloaded the ‘app’ and shared their personal information. This gave Aleksandr Kogan to access data of not only Facebook users but also of the users’ friends. These information were shared with Cambridge Analytica and used to know about the personality of the people and to effectively target political advertising on people. Cambridge Analytica obtained the information in total violation of Facebook’s rule and didn’t tell anybody that the data will be used for political campaigning.   (Casey, 2018) In the same year Facebook was made aware about this violation of accessing data of not only who installed this app but also of their friends. Facebook demanded Cambridge Analytica to delete all the data and they agreed to delete all the data. Aleksandr Kogan in reality never deleted the data and later on Facebook never investigated whether they have deleted the data as promised (Casey, 2018). In 2014 Facebook changed their rules for external developers and restricted them from accessing user’s friends’ data without taking permission from them. With the approaching 2016 Presidential elections, Cambridge Analytica did not have time to create its own data for election campaign. It went to Aleksandr Kogan who created Facebook app that paid users to take a personality test  (The Guardian, 2018). In the year 2016 â€Å"The Guardian† reported that Cambridge Analytica is helping Ted Cruz’s presidential election by sharing psychological data based on their previous research. Facebook waited for more than two years before suspending Cambridge Analytica even after knowing about the data breach.    In mid March 2018, this scandal was exposed by The Guardian and The New York Times. Facebook admitted that it did not read the terms of the app that accessed the data of 87 million people and apologised for the â€Å"breach of trust†.   Facebook’s CTO Mike Schroepfer told U.K. lawmakers that Facebook did not notify the U.K.s data protection watchdog after it learned of the sharing of data with Cambridge Analytica and it was their mistake. (Ryan, 2018). According to U.K.’s data protection law, sale or use of personal data without user’s consent is banned. In 2011, after Federal Trade Commission complaint, Facebook agreed to get clear consent from the users before sharing their data. The FTC now started investing whether Facebook violated privacy protection of their users. The U.S.A. and U.K. lawmakers are investing in their own way. Mark Zuckerberg apologized on behalf of Facebook by publishing a personal letter in all major newspapers and make changes and reform the privacy policy to prevent such kind of breaches. By doing this Facebook has breached the trust of users and privacy policy law.   A customer or user shares information with a company trusting that personal details are safe. A company’s name and reputation makes people to trust on them.   Quality of the brand is very important in building and growing a company. Facebook is a very well know networking site and it has monopoly in the market. People joined Facebook and disclosed their personal details knowing that whatever information they share about themselves and their friends will be confidential and will not be disclosed anywhere outside without their consent. 3.0 Referring to statements made by Quality management Gurus It is very important for a company to have a well defined quality management system in place. For a company like Facebook, where the personal data of people are at risk, there is a continuous risk of hijacking the data for misuse. How a good quality management system can be placed, has been described by many Quality management gurus. Mentioned below are some of the points stated by these gurus: According to quality management guru W. Edwards Deming there are seven deadly diseases that are described as barriers in understanding the basic quality management system statistical principals. One of the diseases says that – A company runs on visible figures only. Deming argued that apart from the visible figures there are many costs and figures that are not know and cannot be calculated.   Customer loyalties gained as a result of continuous quality improvement are the numbers that are unknowable and management has to consider this  (Deming, 2012). It is also very important to gain confidence of the customers by building trust. In case of Facebook data breach scandal, it was very important for the company to monitor and improve the system. Once Aleksandr Kogan accessed the data of the Facebook users and their friends, it was important for Mark Zuckerberg to monitor and improve the system putting a barrier for third party developers to access data. This would have resulted in maintaining the confidentiality of the users’ data. Based on the quality management guru J M Juran’s trilogy, it is very important to plan, improve and control quality. Quality Planning A proper quality plan should be in place. This involves creating a process that will be able to meet the goals .Once the process is in place it will not be difficult to respond to customer needs. Quality Improvement It is important to continuously improve the quality and run the process with optimal effectiveness. Quality Control – To control and maintain good quality it is important to create a process that required minimal monitoring. This will help in running the operations in accordance with quality plan (Juran, 1986). Facebook should have created a process to maintain the privacy of their users’ information. This process should have barred the third party developers to run their app in Facebook API. Quality guru Genichi Taguchi emphasized on improving the quality of the product and process at the design stage rather than achieving quality through inspection. Taguchi also developed a concept of quality loss and worked on it rather than just quality.   He defined quality loss as loss to the company cost such a reworking on design, scrapping and maintenance and also loss to customer through poor product or service and low reliability. (Taguchi, n.d) After the scandal exposed, Facebook has faced huge loss in terms of its reputation, breaking customers’ trust and monetary value. Many users deleted their Facebook   Ã‚   account feeling that their personal information are not secured and can be misused by the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4.0 Conclusion It is very important for a company to develop a quality system at its designing stage and to control and improve the quality system with minimal inspection requirement. It is also important to know and understand the unknown costs and figures like customer loyalty that can be gained by continuously improving quality. A proper system should be in place with zero defects. A poor quality management system will result in loss of reputation, customers and monetary value. 5.0 References: (2018, March). Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/mar/19/facebook-data-cambridge-analytica-privacy-breach (2018, April). Retrieved from CNBC: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/10/facebook-cambridge-analytica-a-timeline-of-the-data-hijacking-scandal.html Casey, N. (2018, April). Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/10/17165130/facebook-cambridge-analytica-scandal Deming, E. (2012, Janauary). Retrieved from https://www.qualitymag.com/articles/88324-quality-management-2-0-deming-s-7-deadly-diseases-of-management Juran, J. (1986, May). Retrieved from The Quality Trilogy: http://app.ihi.org/FacultyDocuments/Events/Event-2930/Presentation-16071/Document-12762/Tools_Resource_C7_Juran_trilogy1.pdf Ryan, B. (2018, April). Retrieved from CNBC: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/26/facebook-cto-admits-firm-didnt-read-terms-of-aleksandr-kogans-app.html Taguchi, G. (n.d). Retrieved from British Library: https://www.bl.uk/people/genichi-taguchi

Individual and State Roles in Communism According to Marx and Engels Es

Individual and State Roles in Communism According to Marx and Engels Individuals will ultimately serve the state in which the state will control many facets of the individuals’ life, but in return, the civilians will receive the freedoms they deserve in a communistic society. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels adamantly opposed capitalism in many ways and felt the bourgeoisie, or capitalists are enslaving the proletarians, or working class. They claimed that industrialization was reducing the common workingman into mere wage labor and believed that the proletarians of every nation needed to unite and form a revolutionary party in order to overthrow their bourgeoisie captors in order to bring about the â€Å"common interests of the proletariat.†1 This party will create a society in which all men are equal: a communistic society. Within the society there were roles which the individual and the state would play: the individuals would join to form a classless society in which the common interest of the citizens will rule, but the state woul d require the individuals to make sacrifices. Marx and Engels placed much of the responsibility of forming this ideal society on the individual. They called upon the working class, the proletarians, to unite and overthrow their oppressors, the bourgeoisie. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels urged the â€Å"Formation of the proletariat into conquest of political power by the proletariat.†1 The proletariats needed to disregard their immediate interests in order to promote the general will of the masses. The Communist Manifesto called upon all proletarians to unite in order to overthrow the bourgeoisie for the implementation of a classless society. One of the main roles of the indi... ...freedom and resources that are necessary. The party will listen to the desires and opinions of the individuals in order to keep the people in control. The idealistic society that Marx and Engels envisioned is reciprocative: individuals sacrifice many of their self- interests to the state, and in return, the state provides equality and freedom. Works Cited 1 Engels, Frederick and Karl Marx. Communist Manifesto. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/treatise/communist_manifesto/mancont.htm. March 11, 2002. 2 Fromm, Erich. Marx’s Concept of Man. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1966. 3 Fetscher, Iring. Marx and Marxism. New York: Herder and Herder, 1971. 4 Leonhard, Wolfgang. Three Faces of Marxism. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. Links - Read The Communist Manifesto - The Principles Of Communism

The Myth Behind La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre :: Cuban Culture

The Myth Behind La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre To many Cuban-Americans living in Miami, La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre, is one of the only ties remaining that unifies them with their homeland. The Virgin is a renowned and integral part of Cuban culture and plays an important role in the Catholic heritage of Cubans exiled inside and outside of North America. The church, La Ermita de la Caridad del Cobre, is a memorial that was constructed in honor of her and is a monument to the religious and political history of the island. Since there are many different versions circulating about the sighting of the Virgin, one must discuss the most popular and the most commonly accepted. The myth behind the La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre, originated in 1606. The Virgin appeared one day in the Bay of Nipe near Santiago to two brothers, Rodrigo and Juan de Hoyos, and to Juan Moreno,a black boy roughly ten years of age. They were out on a fishing trip in the Bay. While struggling in their storm tossed boat, they heard a voice declare, "I am the Virgin of Charity." In one hand, the Virgin carried a mulatto baby Jesus; in the other, she held a cross. She also appeared to be holding a tablet which contained the inscription, "I am the Virgin of Charity." A replica of the same tablet is now framed and displayed on the first floor of La Ermita in Santiago de Cuba. In Cuba, there is also a statue of the Virgin, approximately one meter tall, located in a small chapel on the second floor. The statue is of a pretty mulatta who wears dangling earrings and a golden robe. La Virgen's racial attributes is a mixture of black, white and Indian; essentially, it covers the entire racial makeup of Cuba. She has dark hair and carries the baby Jesus in one hand and a cross in the other. People flock to her memorial to pray to her and give her thanks. They often leave small tokens of their appreciation and gratitude. To the exile community, she represents a Catholic Cuba untouched by the religious beliefs of the communist regime of he last four decades.

Death, Illness and Decay in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essay

Death, Illness and Decay in William Shakespeare's Hamlet William Shakespeare's "Hamlet" is full of talk about death, dead bodies, murder, suicide, disease, graves, and so forth. And there is no traditional Christian comfort or promise of eventual justice or happiness for the good people. But the message is ultimately one of hope. Hamlet is also definitely no saint, however, unlike most of the other characters in the play, he chooses not to compromise with evil. Near the end of Act I, Scene IV, as Marcellus and Horatio are deciding to secretly follow Hamlet and the ghost, Marcellus remarks â€Å"something is rotten in the state of Denmark.† Death, illness and decay are one of the central themes throughout the play. Hamlet begins with some of the guards on watch seeing an apparition of the recently deceased king, father of Hamlet, in Act I, Scene I. Soon afterwards, in Scene V, we learn that according to the ghost, King Claudius killed his own brother, and married his sister-in-law to gain the crown of Denmark. The ghost then asks Hamlet to revenge this death. From the beginning of Act II, Scene I, Hamlet sets about faking mental illness and insanity, as part of his plan for revenge against Claudius. In Act III, Scene II, there is going to be a play performed for the King, Queen, and nobles. Hamlet slightly modifies the play, altering the lines for some of the actors, in his continuing quest to find out the truth about his fathers death and seek revenge. The play begins with a story that is pantomimed. The king and the queen profess their love for one another, the king falls asleep, and a villain pours poison into the king's ear and seduces the queen. During this time, Hamlet cracks dirty jokes and the king ment... ...orms Horatio that he has altered the King's sealed document so that it asks for the deaths of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, his two friends which spied and betrayed him. Hamlet is challenged to a duel with Laertes. Hamlet suspects foul play from the onset, but expresses his willingness to take part in the fight anyway, even if it means his own death. During the match, Hamlet is mortally wounded, as is Laertes, The Queen accidentally drinks from the poisoned cup and dies, and a dying Hamlet first wounds Kings Claudius and then forces him to drink from the same lethal cup. Hamlet and Laertes forgive each other, Laertes dies, and Hamlet then names Fortinbras, the prince of Norway, as his successor to the throne after dissuading Horatio from joining him in death. The play ends with Fortinbras arriving, accepting the throne, and ordering a hero’s funeral for Hamlet.

Enhanced Pattern Discovery For Text Mining Using Effective Pattern Deploying and Pattern Evaluation Techniques

Enhanced Pattern Discovery For Text Mining Using Effective Pattern Deploying and Pattern Evaluation Techniques. Abstract-Text excavation has been an ineluctable information excavation technique. There are different methods for text excavation, One of the most successful will be mining utilizing the effectual patterns.Datamining has become an adaptative method for recovering utile information in big database. This paper gives the brief thought about the text excavation by find of effectual forms. As our system trades with form ( phrase ) based and which overcomes the term based method ( attack ) .The procedure of updating unambiguous can be referred as pattern rating. This attack can better the truth of measuring term weights because discovered forms are more specific than the whole paperss. In our proposed system effectual pattern find technique include the procedure of form deploying and form evolving, for happening the relevant information. Keywords: –Text excavation, Text Classification, Pattern Deploying, Pattern Evolving. I.INTRODUCTION Text Mining is the find by computing machine of new, antecedently unknown information, by automatically pull outing and associating information from different written resources, to uncover otherwise â€Å" concealed † meanings.Knowledge find can be viewed as the procedure of nontrivial extraction of information from big databases, information that is implicitly presented in the information, antecedently unknown and potentially utile for users. Data excavation is hence an indispensable measure in the procedure of cognition find in databases. In the past decennary, a important figure of informations mining techniques have been presented in order to execute different cognition undertakings. These techniques include association regulation excavation, frequent itemset excavation, consecutive form excavation, maximal form excavation, and closed form miningText excavation is the find of interesting cognition in text paperss. It is a ambitious issue to happen accurate cognition ( or c haracteristics ) in text paperss to assist users to happen what they want.With a big figure of forms generated by utilizing informations excavation attacks, how to efficaciously utilize and update these forms is still an unfastened research issue. In this paper, we focus on the development of a cognition find theoretical account to efficaciously utilize and update the discovered forms and use it to the field of text excavation. The advantages of term based methods include efficient computational public presentation every bit good as mature theories for term weighting, which have emerged over the last twosome of decennaries from the IR and machine acquisition communities. However, term based methods suffer from the jobs of lexical ambiguity and synonymity, where lexical ambiguity means a word has multiple significances, and synonymity is multiple words holding the same significance. The semantic significance of many discovered footings is unsure for replying what users want. Finding effectual and utile forms is remains a disputing task.Our proposed work presents an effectual form find technique, which foremost calculates ascertained specificities of forms and so evaluates term weights harmonizing to the distribution of footings in the ascertained forms instead than the distribution in paperss for work outing the misunderstanding job. It besides considers the influence of forms from the negative preparation illustrations to happen equivocal ( noisy ) forms and seek to cut down their influence for the low-frequency job. The procedure of updating equivocal forms can be referred as pattern development. The proposed attack can better the truth of measuring term weights because discovered forms are more specific than whole paperss. II. RELATED WORK Here we are suggesting a form taxonomy theoretical account. Other different form excavation methods are Sequential forms, Sequential closed forms, frequent itemsets, Frequent closed point sets. All these provide similar consequences but on depending on preciseness and remember our method stand manner apart. Recently, we have seen the ebullient visual aspect of really big heterogenous full-text papers aggregations, available for any terminal user. The assortment of users’ wants is wide. The user may necessitate an overall position of the papers aggregation: what subjects are covered, what sort of paperss exists, are the paperss someway related, and so on. On the other manus, the user may desire to i ¬?nd a specii ¬?c piece of information content. At the other extreme, some users may be interested in the linguistic communication itself. A common characteristic for all the undertakings mentioned is that the user does non cognize precisely what he/she is looking for. Hence, a information excavation attack should be appropriate, because by dei ¬?nition it is detecting interesting regularities or exclusions from the informations, perchance without a precise focal point. Surprisingly plenty, merely a few illustrations of informations excavation in text, or text excavation, are available. Their attack, nevertheless, requires a significant sum of background cognition, and is non applicable as such to text analysis in general. An attack more similar to ours has been used in the PatentMiner System for detecting tendencies among patents. In this paper, we show that general informations excavation methods are applicable to text analysis undertakings ; we besides present a general model for text excavation. The model follows the general cognition find ( KDD ) procedure. III. PROPOSED SYSTEMDocuments PreprocessingPattern Taxonomy Modeling2.1 Frequent and closed forms 2.2 Pattern Taxonomy 2.3 Closed Sequential PatternsPattern Deploying3.1 Representation of Closed Forms 3.2 D-Pattern MiningInner Pattern EvolutionSysten Architecture First choose the RCV1 dataset for Document Preprocessing.After preprocessing papers goes through pattern taxonomy mold and patterndeploying.pattern taxonomy patterning consist of Frequent and closed form, pattern taxonomy and closed consecutive pattern.after the completion of pattern taxonomy it goes through the form deploying procedure by utilizing D form excavation algorithmwe found the interior pattern rating. Finally we got the effectual forms for acquiring utile information from the papers. 1.Documents Preprocessing Documents preprocessing is required to happen existent footings contained in the papers. Preprocessing removes unwanted text from papers, which reduces the size of paperss. Preprocessing involves following stairss: 1 ) Stop-word remotion Stop-words are those words that occur often, but holding no conceptual significance. For illustration: â€Å"a† , â€Å"at† , †is† , †of† , †the† etc. There are 100s of halt words, which increase the size with no conceptual significance. 2 ) Non-word remotion Non-words are punctuation Markss, which have to be removed from papers. These words besides occurs often and holding no conceptual significance. 3 ) Steming Stemmingis the procedure for cut downing inflected ( or sometimes derived ) words to their root, base orrootform—generally a written word signifier. Steming is achieved utilizing Porter’s Algorithm. A preprocessed papers is so used for farther processing. 2. Pattern Taxonomy Modeling All paperss are split into paragraphs. So a given papersvitamin Doutputs a set of paragraphs PS (vitamin D) . Let D be a preparation set of paperss, which consists of a set of positive paperss, D+; and a set of negative paperss, D–. Let T = { T1, T2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦tm} be a set of footings ( or keywords ) which can be extracted from the set of positive paperss, D+. 2.1 Frequent and Closed Forms Given a termset Ten in papers vitamin D,Tenis used to denote the covering set of Ten forvitamin D, which includes all paragraphs dpa?S PS (vitamin D) such thatTen?displaced person, i.e. ,Ten= { dp|dpa?S PS (vitamin D) } Its absolute support is the figure of happenings of X in PS (vitamin D) , that is supa( Ten ) =|Ten| . Its comparative support is the fraction of the paragraphs that contain the form, that is supR( Ten ) = |Ten| / PS (vitamin D) . A termset Ten is called frequent form if its swallowR( or supa) & A ; gt ; = min_sup, a minimal support. Given a termset X, its covering setTenis a subset of paragraphs. Similarly, given a set of paragraphs Y ?PS (vitamin D) , we can specify its termset, which satisfies termset Y= { t| ?displaced persona?SYttrium& A ; gt ; = t a?Sdisplaced person} The closing of X is defined as follows: Chlorine( Ten ) =termset (Ten) A form X ( atermset ) is called closed if and merely if X =Chlorine( Ten ) . Let X be a closed form. We can turn out that swallowa( Ten1) & A ; gt ; swallowa( Ten ) For all forms X1a?S X ; otherwise, if, swallowa( Ten1) = swallowa( Ten ) we have,X1=Ten. where, supa(X1) and swallowa(Ten) are the absolute support of formX1andTen, severally. 2.2Pattern Taxonomy Forms can be structured into a taxonomy by utilizing theis-a ( or subset ) relation. A term with a higher tf*idf value could be meaningless if it has non cited by some d-patterns ( of import parts in paperss ) . The rating of term weights ( supports ) is different to the normal term-based attacks. In the term-based attacks, the rating of term weights is based on the distribution of footings in paperss. In this research, footings are weighted harmonizing to their visual aspects in discovered closed forms. 2.3 Closed Sequential Patterns Given a form ( an ordered termset ) Ten in papers vitamin D,Tenis still used to denote the covering set of X, which includes all paragraphPSa?S PS (vitamin D) . such that X ?ps, i.e. ,Ten= { ps|psa?S PS ( vitamin D ) ; X ?ps } . Its absolute support is the figure of happenings of X in PS ( vitamin D ) , that is supa( Ten ) = |Ten| . Its comparative support is the fraction of the paragraphs that contain the form, that is, swallowR( Ten ) = |Ten| / PS (vitamin D) . A consecutive form X is called frequent form if its comparative support ( or absolute support ) & A ; gt ; =min_sup, a minimal support. The belongings of closed forms can be used to specify closed sequential forms. A frequent consecutive form X is called closed if non ? any ace form X1of X such that swallowa( X1 ) =supa( Ten ) . 2. Pattern Deploying In order to utilize the semantic information in the form taxonomy to better the public presentation of closed forms in text excavation, we need to construe discovered forms by sum uping them as d-pattern in order to accurately measure term weights ( supports ) . The rational behind this motive is that d-patterns include more semantic significance than footings that are selected based on a term-based technique ( e.g. , tf*idf ) . Asa consequence, a term with a higher tf*idf value could be meaningless if it has non cited by some d-patterns ( some of import parts in paperss ) . The rating of term weights ( supports ) is different to the normal term-based attacks. In the term-based attacks, the ratings of term weights are based on the distribution of footings in paperss. In this research, footings are weighted harmonizing to their visual aspects in discovered closed forms. 3.1 Representations of Closed Forms It is complicated to deduce a method to use ascertained forms in text paperss for information filtrating systems. To simplify this procedure, we foremost review the composing operation a defined. Let P1and P2be sets of term-number braces. P1aP2is called the composing of P1and P2which satisfies: Where is the wild card that matches any figure. For the particular instance we have p a O= P ; and the operands of the composing operation are interchangeable. The consequence of the composing is still a set of term-number braces. Formally, for all positive paperss vitamin DIa?S D+, we foremost deploy its closed forms on a common set of footingsThyminein order to obtain the undermentioned d-patterns ( deployed forms, non-sequential leaden forms ) : Where Tijin brace ( Tij, Nij) denotes a individual term and Nijis its support in vitamin DIwhich is the entire absolute supports given by closed forms that contain Tsij; or nijis the entire figure of closed forms that contain Tsij 4. Inner Pattern Evolution In this Module, we discuss how to reshuffle supports of footings within normal signifiers of d-patterns based on negative paperss in the preparation set. The technique will be utile to cut down the side effects of noisy forms because of the low-frequency job. This technique is called interior form development here, because it merely changes a pattern’s term supports within the pattern.A threshold is normally used to sort paperss into relevant or irrelevant classs. Using the d-patterns, the threshold can be defined of course as follows: A noise negative papers neodymium in D–is a negative papers that the system falsely identified as a positive, that is weight (neodymium) & A ; gt ; = Threshold ( DP ) . In order to cut down the noise, we need to track which d-patterns have been used to give rise to such an mistake. We call these forms wrongdoers ofneodymium. An wrongdoer of neodymium is a d-pattern that has at least one term inneodymium. The set of wrongdoers of neodymium is defined by: The chief procedure of inner pattern development is implemented by the algorithm IP Evolving. The inputs of this algorithm are a set of d-patternsDisplaced person, a preparation set D = D+U D–. . IV. Decision Hence we conclude here that the proposed system trade with effectual form find utilizing pattern deployement and form germinating to polish the ascertained form in text papers. Previous informations excavation technique used the association regulation excavation, frequent itemset excavation, consecutive form excavation, maximal form excavation, and closed form mining.It have the job of low frequence and deficiency of power in support.Hence, misunderstandings of forms derived from informations mining techniques lead to the uneffective public presentation. In this proposed system, an effectual form find technique has been proposed to get the better of the low frequence and misunderstanding jobs for text excavation. The proposed technique uses two procedures, pattern deploying and form evolving, which helpful in happening the effectual form sequences for big text paperss. The experimental consequences show that the proposed theoretical account performs non merely other pure informations mining-based methods and the construct based theoretical account, but besides term-based theoretical accounts. . Mentions: – [ 1 ] Y. Huang and S. Lin, † Mining Sequential Patterns Using GraphSearch Techniques † , Proc. 27th Ann. Int’l Computer Software and Applications Conf. , pp. 4-9, 2003. [ 2 ] S.-T. Wu, Y. Li, Y. Xu, B. Pham and P. Chen, â€Å" Automatic Pattern-Taxonomy Extraction for Web Mining † , Proc. IEEE/WIC/ACM Int’l Conf. Web Intelligence 2004. [ 3 ] C. Zhai, A. Velivelli, and B. Yu, † A cross-collection mixture theoretical account for comparative text excavation † In Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge find and information excavation. [ 4 ] S.T.Wu, Y. Li, and Y. Xu, † An effectual deploying algorithm for utilizing pattern-taxonomy † , In iiWAS’05, pages 1013–1022,2005. [ 5 ] Qiaozhu Mei and ChengXiangZhai [ Department of Computer Science ] , † Detecting Evolutionary Theme Patterns from Text An Exploration of Temporal Text Mining † , 2006. [ 6 ] S.-T. Wu, Y. Li, and Y. Xu, † Deploying Approaches for Pattern Refinement in Text Mining, † Proc. IEEE Sixth Int’l Conf. Data Mining ( 2006. [ 7 ] N. Jindal and B. Liu. † Identifying Comparative Sentences in Text Documents, Proc. 29th Ann. Int’l ACM SIGIR Conf. Research and Development in Information Retrieval † , 2006. [ 8 ] Hiroki Arimura [ Department of Informatics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812 { 8581, Japan PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation ] , † Text Data Mining with Optimized Pattern Discovery † ,2006. [ 9 ] P. Tan, M. Steinbach, and V. Kumar. â€Å" Introduction to Data Mining, Pearson, Boston † , 2006. [ 10 ] † Deploying Approaches for Pattern Refinement in Text Mining † , Sheng-Tang Wu Yuefeng Li YueXu, ( 2006 ) . [ 11 ] † Knowledge find utilizing pattern taxonomy theoretical account in text excavation † , Sheng-Tang Wu,2007 [ 12 ] Andrew J. Torget, RadaMihalcea, Jon Christensen, Geoff McGhee, â€Å" Maping texts: uniting Text-mining and Geo-Visualiazation to unlock the research potency of historical newspapers † ,2010. [ 13 ] I. H. Witten, E. Frank, and M. A. Hall, â€Å" Data Mining, Morgan Kaufmann † , Burlington, MA, 2011. [ 14 ] D. K. Hong, S. H. Yook, M. Y. Kim, Y. J. Park, H. S. Oh, D. H. Nam, and Y. B. Park, â€Å" A Structural Analysis of Sanghanron by Network Model- Centered on Symptoms and Herbs of Taeyangbyung Compilation in Sanghanron, † Korean Oriental Med,2011. [ 15 ] JiHoon Kang, Dong Hoon Yang, Young Bae Park, and Seoung Bum Kim, † A Text Mining Approach to Find Patterns Associated with Diseases and Herbal Materials in Oriental Medicine † ,2012 16 ] Mrs.K. Mythili, Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore -6, Tamilnadu. India † , A Pattern Taxonomy Model with New Pattern Discovery Model for Text Mining † ,2012. [ 17 ] KavithaMurugeshan, Neeraj RK, â€Å" Detecting Forms to Produce Effective Output through Text Mining Using Naive Bayesian Algorithm † ,2012.

Re-Examining the ‘Step-and-Slide’: Sex Differences in Pedestrian Collision Avoidance

AbstractPrevious writings has inform land up differences in contact deflectance demeanour by go-carts. The on-line(prenominal) national sough to establish whether these waken activity differences argon n angiotensin converting enzymeffervescent valid now by observe an opportunity pattern of young-begetting(prenominal) and female pedestrians in a bustling location. A chi-squ ar test found a mo manpowertous (p 01) birth between charge and conflict dodge behaviour. In particular, women were signifi flush toilettly to a greater extent(prenominal) apt(predicate) to engage in stuffyd functiones and men were significantly much apt(predicate) to engage in unsolved crannyes. This decision is in keeping with the standard introductoryly reported by Collett and fenland (1981). Future explore is needed to control why these sex differences whitethorn exist. inceptionDespite often absorb and overcrowded prevalent areas, pedestrians can be discovered naviga ting and avoiding collisions with precious ease. Previous belles-lettres appears to be comparatively unanimous in its notifications and remainders ab break how pedestrians are able to avoid collisions. In an advance(prenominal) occupy, Goffman (1972) made a number of thoughtfulnesss including that hoi polloi prevail to form two lanes whilst walk upon the pavement, with one sort out walking on the inside, remote from the road and the early(a) group walking on the outside and close to the road. Many years later, Collett and fen (1981) detect the corresponding phenomenon and coined the term pedestrian streaming. It was overly discovered that unmarrieds go out utilization otherwises movements and admonisher their intentions, know as externalisation, to ensure a smoother enlightenage. These movements may be unconscious(p) or conscious and may as be discrete as a slight turn of the shoulders. Again, this phenomenon was to a fault observed by Wolff (1973), who named it behaviour monitoring.Wolff (1973) observed that many an(prenominal) pedestrians engage in what he coined the step-and-slide kick in, which affect a slight angling of the shoulders aboard a discrete side step. later on moving picturetaping the passing behaviour of individuals development a pedestrian crossing, Collett and Marsh (1981) noned significant sex differences in the strategies used whilst prosecute in this fictional character of pass. Males were far more promising to use an dissipate pass strategy by orienting toward the soulfulness they were trying to avoid whereas females were more belike to use a disagreeable(a) pass strategy by orienting themselves away from the person they were attempting to avoid. Interestingly, the boasting cases of pass used could not adequately be developed by the congenital position of the leg during passing and horizontal when it was more difficult, women were quiet down more likely to use a unlikable pass. The research ers reason out that the use of a unkindly pass strategy by women was an example of self- defendive behaviour. In particular, the authors concluded that women were attempting to protect their breasts after observing that they often drew their accouterments crosswise their bodies during the pass.The result of Collett and Marshs (1981) use up may now be outdated. Therefore, the real battlefield marked to investigate whether sex differences in collision avoidance behaviour still exist like a shot and whether the pattern still reflects that seen by Collett and Marsh (1981). Based on preliminary literature it is hypothesised that females will impinge on more disagreeable passes than males and that males will use more free passes than females.MethodParticipants2,910 participants (1,376 females, 1,534 males) were observed utilize an opportunity sample. As this was a observation study it was not feasible to hive away demographic info such as age.MaterialsObservations were reco rded on a entropy collection football field. The information collection grid was used to record the sex of the pedestrian and whether a well-defined pass, closed pass or neutral pass was observed. aspirationThis was a between-subjects design with male participants world compared with female participants. The predictor variable was the sex of the pedestrian and the criterion variable was the type of passing behaviour exhibited.ProcedureBefore appeal data for the study a pilot study was carried out to ensure that the reviewers could correctly site whether a pedestrian was exhibiting an light pass, closed pass or neutral behaviour. entropy was collected on an opportunity sample of ten pedestrians for the pilot study.For the main study, data was collected by observing pedestrians at various train stations during extreme times. Two researchers collected the data with one acting as observer and the other acting as recorder. Observations were based on an opportunity sample and a miscellanea of male-male, female-female and female-male interactions were recorded.ResultsA total of 1,376 females and 1,534 males were observed. Of the 1,376 females, 561 meshed in an at full-size(p) pass, whereas 815 booked in a closed pass. Of the 1,534 males observed, 1,070 engaged in an open pass, whereas 464 engaged in a closed pass. A chi-square test was performed and a significant relationship was found between sex and type of collision avoidance behaviour X2 (1, N = 2910) = 247.32, p 0.01.Insert graph hereDiscussionThe aim of the current study was to investigate whether current sex differences in pedestrian collision avoidance behaviour support previous literature that has found females are more likely to use closed passes, whereas males are more likely to use open passes when avoiding all(prenominal) other in busy pedestrian areas. It was found that more women engaged in closed passes than men and that more men engaged in open passes than women. Statistical analy sis revealed that there was a significant relationship between sex and type of collision avoidance behaviour. This mean that women are significantly more likely to engage in closed passes, whereas men are significantly more likely to engage in open passes. This finding is in support of previous literature (Collett and Marsh, 1981) and the data supports the researchers hypothesis.Collett and Marsh (1981) argued that females engage in closed passes in an attempt to protect their breasts because they observed that women often drew their arms across their chests during the pass. However, more recent research has demonstrated that even in non-confrontational, everyday situations, females tend to sit in closed positions whilst keeping their arms close to their bodies (Cashdan, 1998 Vrugt and Luyerink, 2000). This suggests that Collett and Marshs (1981) initial fork outation may be flawed. Women may inwroughtly withdraw closed body speech, which they are alike likely to use during pe destrian collision avoidance scenarios. The finding that men are more likely to use open passes is in keeping with previous literature on male body oral communication and non-verbal communication. For example, Mehrabian (1968) found that men tend to carry more alertness than women by order their shoulder orientation toward the other person. This could explain why men learn an open position and direct their shoulders toward the other individual whilst passing them. Luxen (2005) found that men tend to exhibit behavioural dominance in situations involving women. Turning their body toward a woman, whilst she turns away, may reflect this dominance. Therefore, the current findings can be construe in the context of sex differences in both body language and non-verbal communication.It is difficult to draw any grueling conclusions from an observational study and only inferences can be made. However, based on the results and what is known about body language, it appears as though the se x differences in the way that individuals avoid pedestrian collisions still exist today as they did in the 1980s. The results excessively search to support Collett and Marshs (1981) conclusion that women are more likely to adopt a protective stance when do passes in a collision avoidance situation.The current study had a celebrated number of strengths. Primarily, this study utilised a large sample, which is highly likely to be representative of the population as a whole. Generalisability was also beef up by using different train station locations for observations. Furthermore, having taken place in a natural environment rather than a testing ground setting, the results exhaust full ecological validity. However, the observation method acting has a number of limitations, which should be noted. Firstly, although a pilot study was carried out in order to old(prenominal)ise the observer with different types of passes, the data would fall in been more reliable if two observers had been used at any one time. An alternative method of improving the study would have to been to video record the observation area so that a second observer could interpret an identical scenario of pedestrian collision avoidance. This would have provided a measure of inter-observer reliability, which would have strengthened the results of the study. It is also possible that the observer was prepossess because they were aware of the study hypothesis. In other words, the observer may have interpreted females to have carried out more closed passes because this is what was expected based on the previous literature. In future studies, keeping the observer blind to the hypothesis of the study will reduce this risk. There are also some(prenominal) ethical concerns with large casing observation studies such as this. For example, some individuals may object to being watched and to their behaviour being recorded. However, with such a large scale study, it would have been impossible to hav e sought the informed consent of each participant. Data was also completely anonymised, which keeps the study within ethical boundaries. Although the study has good generalisability, this is somewhat weakened by collecting results from only the UK. Future research may wish to focus on whether the same patterns are found internationally. Based on the findings of the current study, future studies may also wish to focus on exploring in more detail why these sex differences exist. For example, a sample of individuals exhibiting these behaviours could be administered a questionnaire to explore whether the behaviour is unconscious or conscious and if it is conscious, why they engage in either open or closed passes.ReferencesCashdan, E. (1998). Smiles, speech, and body posture How women and men display sociometric status and power. journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 22(4), 209-228.Collett, P.R. & Marsh, P.E. (1981). Patterns of earthly concern behaviour Collision avoidance on a pedestri an cr ossing. In A. Kendon (Ed.), Nonverbal communication, interaction and gesture (pp. 199-217). The Hague Mouton Press.Goffman, E. (1972). Relations in public. Harmondsworth Pelican.Luxen, M. (2005). Gender differences in dominance and stand during a demanding interaction. Journal of Psychology interdisciplinary and Applied, 139(4), 331- 347.Mehrabian, A. (1968). Relationship of attitude to seated posture, orientation, and distance. Journal of Personality and amicable Psychology, 10(1), 26-30.Vrugt, A., & Luyerink, M. (2000). The contribution of tangible posture to gender stereotypical im pressions. Social Behavior & Personality An International Journal, 28(1), 91.Wolff, M. (1973) Notes on the behaviour of pedestrians. In A. Birenbaum and E. Sagar (Eds.), Peo ple in places The sociology of the familiar (pp. 35-48). New York Praeger.

Discuss Marxism and Functuionalism and Compare

correspond bolshy and Functionalist Perspectives Comp are and Contrast Functionalist and Marxist Perspectives Sociology is a systematic way of studying the complaisant world. It seeks to impress the causes and affects of intercommunication and interaction that arise in sociable dealing. The experience of parliamentary law was developed as a guinea pig in the nineteenth Century by Auguste Compte, a French philosopher. For him, common sense and the obvious would not suffice he wanted to build scientific theories based on critical awareness of ball club.The deuce primary(prenominal) stems of sociological concepts are Positivism and Phenomenology. both Functionalism and Marxism are Positivist theories. This way that philosophies are make by using scientific research methods to micturate structural surveys. Positivism is c all in alled macro sociology because it looks at society holistically it excessively emphasises the power of Society and how this effects soldierys beha viour. Positivism was a philosophy from the current Era when society was industrial, Englands culture untolerating, the throne media conservative and pro-establishment.Role in society was exceedingly important it was traditional and genders specific. Functionalism provided a static mountain of society. It was rooted in the work of Emile Durkheim, a French Sociologist and during the later stages, Talcott Parsons. Although designalism was not a dominant supposititious perspective in sociology until the 1940s and 1950s, it first emerged during the 19th Century. Marxism was founded by a German philosopher, economist and sociologist, Karl Marx. Fredrich Engels also contributed to development the kit and caboodle.Marxism offered a radical alternative to the in operation(p)ism perspective and was developed in the 1970s. Both perspectives of Marx and Durkheim, aspired for a utopian society. Functionalism views society like a biological organism. The separate or institutions of the o rganism or society function appropriately to ensure the whole structure works efficiently and effectively. The whole has greater power than the various(prenominal) part. The three main aims and objectives of functionalism are to maintain order, constancy and equalizer in society.Marxism became increasingly influential collectible to the decline in functionalism, its promise to provide answers (which functionalism did not) and its liking reflected that of the times. It originally consisted of three related ideas a philosophical view of man, a theory of history and an economic and political program. The canonic principal was that ware equals social enterprise. Man needs to get under ones skin food, materials, etc for survival, and in doing so man enters into relations with other members of society.From a functionalist perspective, the main parts of society (its institutions such as education, pietism and the family) are the foundations for social structure. These institutio ns puzzle interconnected roles and relate norms to form a complete system. All of the institutions pass on a role to meet the functional prerequisites (societys basic needs). Integration between the parts is necessity so therefor integration is a functional prerequisites in itself. Social relations are organised, in result of values providing general guidelines for behaviour.Functionalist, Talcott Parsons set start four functional prerequisites essential for society coating Attainment- setting goals, e. g. Government/Education, Adaptation- development of material world, e. g. sight Media/Industry, Integration- promoting harmony and social solidarity, e. g. Religion/Family, Latency- meeting soulfulness needs to satisfy demand, e. g. Family/Mass Media. From a Marxist view, the force of production is the collective term for all things needed for production. The means of production are those parts of production which can be legally owned (land, machinery, and slaves . Societys infrastructure was made up of the forces of production plus the social relations. The Superstructure includes the institutions of society and is molded by the infrastructure. This therefor means that the institutions are in the first place determined by economic factors. Marxism relates tier not to in arrive or family like functionalism does, instead it is measured on how much land, machinery is owned and controlled- so it depends on the means of production. The person(s) who had the most means of production are the thought class. The ruling class produces the dominant ideas in society.Their control relies heavily on the exploitation and jamion of others. The employer to employee affinity of exploitation is concealed by ideology. Some convey the ruling class battle as lifelike and so are lulled into false consciousness. Functionalism relies on social stratification. Kingsley Davis, an American Sociologist and Demographer said As a functioning mechanism society must run out its members in social positions and induce them to perform the duties of these positions. Without this roll of societys members, the institutions would be unbalanced and equilibrium could not be reached.Functionalism sees this as a prescribed and inevitable aspect of society. In Marxism, the lower classes are exploited because they can be. Social change in Functionalism occurs when one of the institutions alters in some way. These changes only come about when society requests it. These changes in institutions cause society to behave, inevitably different. Marx believed all historical societies contain basic contradictions the exploitation of one social group by another. Perhaps in a way, Marxism is perhaps a little more realistic than functionalism.Therefor, they cannot survive in the existing form. The major frictions are between the forces and the relations of production. A great deal of the wealth, produced by the hands is appropriated in the forms of profit by the Capitalist s- the ruling class. The salary of the workers are not equivalent to the wealth they produce and so the ruling class was exploiting and oppressing the working class. Marx predicted a bran-new and final epoch. A society that would have complete equality. There would be no new force of production but the relations of production will be transformed.The ownership of production would be collective, as the members of society would share the wealth. The ruling class would no longer exploit or oppress the workers. It is interesting how Functionalists see people as unequalised a positive thing and Marxists believe it a negative one. Functionalism fails to recognise social change, contrasting to Marxism which recognises and aspires to it. It is a conservative ideology which ignores the dysfunctions and assumes each institution is positive for society. Marxism, on the other hand, accepts conflict and the arising social problems.The perspective tries to understand how to overcome societies problems by looking back over history and study from past mistakes. Functionalists assume that everyone in society is in agreement and shares norms. It believes in the power of the institutions to socialise its members so well that deviance is rare. However, every society has deviants and so this statement is a little too confident. Functionalism shows us clearly the primacy of culture and socialisation via the social institution. Marxism underestimated the resiliency of Capitalism, for example, Americas tragedy on the 11th September 2001.

Who Killed Reconstruction?

northeastward or s permit onhward Who Killed rep disperseion? harpers hebdomadal family line 1, 1868 harpists e rattling week family line 1, 1868 Is This a re macrocos valet de chambre dust of organisation? Is This nurse Life, Liberty, or situation? Is This a re hu earthly concern racean miscell whatso incessantly of establish handst? Is This protect Life, Liberty, or accommodateing? Overview The dozen age later the culturedised fight flip over up to be a strong menstruum for the evidences. C tout ensembleed theorizeive memory by historians, this sequence see an adjoin of liberty for motive buckle downs. However, in that respect was to a fault massive granting immunity to change.In 1877 attempts to reconstruct the sie handss form solelyy discontinueed, leaving duster- completely presidential terms in power. This DBQ asks you to try who, stickure or in the south, was limitingly responsible for(p) for the eat up of reconstruction oscilloscope shew jointure or southeastward Who Killed reconstructive memory the break nonpargonils back went cede stood a sketch mo in the sunbathe consequently move sticker again toward striverry. -W. E. B. Dubois 1876 was an mannequinle yr for the extr numbers. It was the one Cth anniversary of The contr put to work of emancipation and America was on the move. Homesteaders and ranchers were modify up the res eartha due west of the manuscript River.Railroads were be reinforced at an astonishing rate. It seed outed the f totally in avers was creating lavish chance that all Ameri s peculiarity words and millions of immigrants could go afterward their hopes for felicitousness serious as enquirying Thomas Jefferson had visualise vitamin C old age earlier. So it is a spectacular chaff of bill that the pick of 1876 finishicially scummy the Ameri female genitals intake for millions of scandalous Americans. This preference apothegm Ru therford B. hay, the republican outlook and stock-stilltual(prenominal) superior, forth ripely off against Samuel J. Tilden, the republican nominee. Although Tilden factualise the popular ote by a across-the-board margin, s resource departs in Florida, sec Carolina, and atomic number 57 were so close that a winner could non be determined. If these tether reconciles went for convert, he would win the electoral College serious to right to choose and hit professorship. rag of a refreshed elegant state of war was in the air as the opp wiznts in the contest states submitted recognize nones of electoral ballots. An internal agreement, uniform a shot called The via media of 1877, avoided the crisis by granting hay the Presidency. In return, convert promised to pass water the depart subject field official passs from the southeastern, approximately guaranteeing that all- sin littleness establishments would get on to power.The aspiration of reconstruction was formally dead. For a while, however, it had seemed that the conceptionte of reconstruction power be touchableized. The thirteenth Am culminationment ending slavery. The fourteenth Amendment gave murky Americans citizenship and civil rights. A armed forces reconstructive memory map was passed to progress cur acquire Afro-Americans impudent rights were protected. cruddy churches were founded. mankind schools were built for dour children, and universities like Howard, Fisk, More suffer, and Hampton were founded for scandalous students want high education.Sixteen African-Americans were choose to relation gage and numerous others served at state and local anesthetic levels. Finally, the fifteenth Amendment was validate fashioning it abominable to disavow soulfulness the right to right to choose base on race. Indeed, real boost was made. However, in the proterozoic 1870s, the soar upwards shifted. Confederate states began to elect politi cal sciences utilise to colours- totally rule. between 1870 and 1876 all entirely ternion southern states dark back reconstruction efforts. When Rutherford B. Hayes hold to wrap up federal soldiers, he was merely pullting an end to an al seey expiry effort.But end or dead, what had gone(a) vituperate? Your vocation is to read the schedules that equal and wait on the mind northeastern or atomic number 16 Who killed reconstructive memory? 1. wherefore was 1876 an measurable family for America? 2. Who ran for President in 1876? What were their semipolitical parties? 3. An chaff is close tothing you dont expect, approximatelything that doesnt seem to fit. What was the sarcasm of archives that occurred in 1876? 4. What was the compromise of 1877? Who got what? 5. string apiece of the pastime Amendments to the Constitution. a. thirteenth Amendment b. fourteenth Amendment . fifteenth Amendment enumeration A inauguration In the coherent time beneath mentioned the courtly warf atomic number 18 end-to-end the reciprocal ohm -state, city, and townsfolkshipsfolk governments passed fairnesss to sn atomic number 18 the rights of forego African-American men and women. These laws were frequently called dumb Codes. The usage down the stairs of heavy(a) Codes comes from laws passed in Opelousas, lanthanum right away after the elegant state of war. - 1. No sour or bring outdmen shall be allowed to come inwardly the limits of the town of Opelousas without special(a) authority from his employers.Whoever breaks this law pass on go to detain and extend for ii geezerhood on the public streets, or settle a mulct of volt dollars. - - 2. No sinisteramoor or freedwoman shall be permitted to rent or keep a house in town under nearly(prenominal) circumstances. No inkiness or freedman shall love inside the town who does not work for roughly white mortal or causality owner. - - 3. No public meetings of lightlessnesses or freedmen shall be allowed inwardly the town. - - 4. No freedman shall be allowed to operate firearms, or every kind of weapons. No freedman shall consider or commuting each(prenominal) word of swap inwardly the limits of Opelousas without licence in report from his employer. - - 5. any negro is to be in the assistance of (work for) some white person, or dispose owner. memorial abstract How did pitch-black codes conquer the liberty of freedmen? register B catalogue digest establish on the document to a higher place and your noesis of U. S. history, what was the real end result of sh arcropping? text file C parentage Albion To influencee, earn on Ku Klux Klan Activities. peeled York Tribune, may 1870. punctuate Tourgee was a white, Yankee soldier who colonized in brotherhood Carolina after the War. He served as a judge during reconstructive memory and wrote this garner to the trades union Carolina republican Senator, Joseph Cart er Abbott. - It is my pathetic duty to aver you that our trembler deception W. Stephens, State Senator from Caswell, is dead. He was foully slay by the Ku-Klux in the voluptuous venire live of the court of law category on Saturday He was stabbed quin or sise times, and because hanged on a twitch in the curtilage control panel room other(prenominal)(prenominal) brave, simple republican citizen has met his designate at the workforce of these fiends - I control very forgetful doubt that I shall be one of the undermentioned victims. My locomote ave been tag for months, and only a cheeseparing luck has been absent to cook to me the unavoidableness which Stephens has exclusively met I swan to you evidently that any section of sex act who, particularly if from the sec, does not support, advocate, and urge immediate, active, and stark(a) measures to put an end to these outragesis a coward, a traitor, or a fool. - antecedent self-directed Monitor, f amily line 1, 1868. enter compend What group(s) is the KKK threatening? check to Tourgee, what types of community are creation labialiseed by the KKK? wherefore would the KKK beleaguer these pile? How do these documents befriend rejoinder the DBQ foreland? entry C etymon Abram Colby, testimony to a joint signboard and Senate perpetration in 1872. lower Colby was a agent slave who was elected to the gallium State legislative body during reconstructive memory. - Colby On the twenty-ninth of October 1869, the Klansmen stony-broke my doorsill open, took me out of bed, took me to the forest and whipped me third hours or more(prenominal) and unexpended me for dead. They state to me, Do you echo you willing ever vote another doomed primary book? I say, If at that place was an preference tomorrow, I would vote the floor ticket. They set in and whipped me a super acid licks more, with sticks and straps that had buckles on the ends of them. - - psyche Wha t is the caseful of those men who were employed in slaughter you? - - Colby close to are first-class mail men in our town. unmatchable is a lawyer, one a doctor, and some are farmers They say I had voted for feed and had carried the blackamoores against them.About twain days sooner they whipped me they offered me $5,000 to go with them and said they would consecrate me $2,500 in change if I would let another man go to the customary assembly in my place. I told them that I would not do it if they would channel me all the county was deserving No man can wee a free reference in my county. I do not conceptualise it can be do anywhere in Georgia. root harpers Weekly, October 21, 1876. furnish Of fly the coop he wants to vote the republican ticket. document digest wherefore did the KKK attack Abram Colby? consort to Colby, what types of muckle make up the KKK? What seems to be the eventual(prenominal) terminus of the KKK?What is the important idea of the animated resume? archive D character reference Gerald Danzer et al. , The Americans, McDougall Littell, 1998. - in the 1870s, Yankee voters grew impersonal to events in the to the south. bear of the negro headspring and dark of carpet-bag government, legion(predicate) northerly voters shifted their worry to such national concerns as the timidity of 1873 and rottenness in Grants disposal. Although political specialness keep in the South the surge of public vista in the northern began to turn against reconstructive memory policies. ascendent Kenneth Stampp, The eon of reconstruction, 1865-1877, Vintage, 1967. - in the meantime southern Democrats gained strength when telling eventually withdraw the political disabilities from intimately of the prewar championership. In whitethorn 1872, because of hug from the adult Republican, intercourse passed a general pardon act which restored the right of stance guardianship and suffrage to the long volume of those who had been alter afterward the loss of this act only a a couple of(prenominal) hundred ex-Confederates remained unpardoned. memorial outlineExplain the phrases exhaust of the Negro Question and brainsick of carpet-bag government. wherefore expertnessiness change magnitude fury approximately the subversive activity in government lead to less affaire in government attempts to reconstruct the South? How did the redevelopment of voting rights to white Southerners counteract efforts to deal and protect the voting rights of the freedmen? papers E Source heather coxswain Richardson, The terminal of reconstruction Race, labour party and administration in the Post-Civil War north-central, 1865-1901. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2001. -In the ancestry of 1873, even the staunchly (firmly) pro-Grant and pro-freedman capital of Massachusetts even out duplicate ran a garner list that the blacks, as a community, are indisposeted fo r the proper(ip) bring of political duties. The rising slope genesis of blacks needful a accomplishment of probation and nurture a period long complete for the black to do bury something of his condition as a slave and erudite more of the aline manner of gaining hefty subsistence and of execute the duties of any agency to which he might aspire. blue artificers impersonation of the South Carolina State law-makers during Reconstruction.Source The contend of harpers Weekly, marchland 14, 1874 scroll digest harmonise to the letter from the capital of Massachusetts evening Transcript, why did some people desire blacks were unfit to be government officials? How does this letter verbalise racism existed in the North? How do this cartoon & letter cooperate justify why Northerners disoriented beguile in Reconstruction? How does the take to supra envision black politicians in the South? written document F put down Analysis How was it attainable that Haye s win the preference of 1876? How did this challenge election lead to the end of Reconstruction?